You can leave out any parts that you don't have, like a DOI or the volume/edition.
Jump to more specific examples by using the table below:
Use this format for print or ebooks with a DOI. Include the author's last name and then first and middle initial.
Parenthetical Citation: The decision to add solar energy to a home depends on an individual's energy goals (Fessler, 2018).
Narrative Citation: Fessler (2018) outlines key points for the homeowner to consider in making the decision to choose solar or traditional.
If you have no DOI, use this format, whether it's a print book or an ebook from an academic database.
Parenthetical Citation: Qualities of eudaimonia often represent what people want most in life, such as happiness and well-being (Flanagan, 2007).
In-text Citation: Owen Flanagan (2007) suggests that empirical inquiry is an excellent source for understanding human nature and well-being.
Put the organization's full name in the author position. If the publisher is the same as the author, you don't need to repeat it.
Parenthetical Citation: Student work deserves the same attention to detail in referencing as does professional writing (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020).
Additional references later in the paper may simply include the acronym: (APA, 2020)
In-text Citation: According to the American Psychological Association (2020), the purpose of writing with consistent, predictable citation and formatting style is to allow readers to focus on content.
List up to twenty authors in the order they are listed on the title page. Use the ampersand (&) rather than the word "and." If there are more than 20 authors, list the first 19 authors, then ..., then the last author.
Parenthetical Citation: American Sign Language depends on light waves instead of sound waves (Fant & Fant, 2011).
Narrative Citation: Fant & Fant (2011) suggest approaching ASL in the same way one would approach learning any foreign language.
List up to twenty authors in the order they are listed on the title page. Use the ampersand (&) rather than the word "and." If there are more than 20 authors, list the first 19 authors, then ..., then the last author. (p. 317 in Manual; see APA Style Blog for more)
Parenthetical Citation: Emotions serve important social and communicative functions (Parkinson et al., 2005).
Narrative Citation: Parkinson et al. (2005) try to understand emotion by examining the everyday social settings in which it operates.
If there are more than 20 authors, list the first 19 authors, then ..., then the last author.
In this example, Common Core is a proper name for the published set of standards, so it is capitalized. Add in the parentheses after the title, the edition, volume, unit, grade level designation, whatever is needed to identify what specifically you used.
Parenthetical Citation: Recognizing names and distinguishing letters are literacy concepts that begin in the first week of kindergarten (Baumann et al., 2014).
Narrative Citation: Baumann et al. (2014) incorporate time for sharing extension texts in the Journeys Common Core scope and sequence.
At the end, include the DOI. If there is no DOI, include the ebook's URL address if it is a stable URL. Do not include URLs from subscription-only databases, as these are not usually stable URLs.
Parenthetical Citation: Translators' cultural values and political agendas were suggested in their selection of Hughes's poetry (Kutzinski, 2012).
Narrative Citation: Kutzinski (2012) concludes that reading Langston Hughes convinced her that "differences need not divide—either in literature or in life" (p. 240).
Parenthetical Citation: Love, Triangle recounts the tale of two friends, a circle and a square, and a triangle that initially creates a wedge in their friendship (Colleen, 2017).
Include only the author in the parenthetical citation. The following example recognizes both author and illustrator:
Narrative Citation: Author Marcie Colleen and illustrator Bob Shae's picture book Love, Triangle (2017) tells of a Circle, Square, and Triangle who learn to appreciate each other's strengths and differences and learn to be friends.
If you are citing a specific chapter or section of an edited book, list the author of that section first. Include information such as page numbers, edition and volume numbers after the title of the book.
Parenthetical Citation: The musical exchange between Chile and Cuba intensified in the early 1970s (Fairly, 2013).
Narrative Citation: Fairly (2013), notes that Chilean and Cuban musicians traveled between the two countries, intensifying the music scene in each.
Begin with the author of the entry, not the author or editor of the book.
Begin with the entry title. “When an online reference work is continuously updated [...], use “n.d.” as the year of publication and include a retrieval date” (p. 328).
Parenthetical Citation: The first known use of the term earworm was in 1802 (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).
Narrative Citation: According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary (n.d.), the earliest use of the term earworm was in 1802.
Put the editor in the author position followed by (Ed.) or (Eds.). See p. 322 in Manual.
Parenthetical Citation: Religious literacy is defined as a set of competencies and skills that is continuously refined through cross-cultural engagement (Seiple & Hoover, 2022).
Narrative Citation: Seiple and Hoover (2022) contend that religious literacy is “vital to building societies and states of neighborly solidarity and civic fairness.”
Include edition in parentheses after the title. Cite the edition as it is printed on the title page (2nd ed., Rev. ed., 2019 ed., etc.)
Parenthetical Citation: Family therapy is a good “fit” with traditional cultural values (Haboush, 2005).
Narrative Citation: Given the centrality of family, Haboush (2005) cautions that “insight-oriented” interventions may be incompatible with individuals who are more in tune with Arabic society.
Include the volume used in parentheses after the title.
Parenthetical Citation: It wasn’t until 1971 that the first woman graduated with a Doctor of Music degree from the Julliard School (“Tan, Margaret Leng,” 2000).
Narrative Citation: According to Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (2000), Margaret Leng Tan not only performed as a pianist throughout the U. S. and Europe, but has the distinction of developing a repertory for toy piano.
P. 333 in Manual. After the title, include the publication number, format and school in square brackets.
Include the database name, but no URL since it is not accessible to the general public.
Parenthetical Citation: There is a need for tools to effectively provide task-related accommodations in the food service industry (Stokar, 2016).
In-text Citation: Stokar’s study (2016) distinguishes between work accommodation support and Deaf-hearing socialization strategies.
Include the archive name and the URL where it is accessible to the general public.
Parenthetical Citation: Student veterans express that having values that differ from their civilian peers affects their connectedness with others on campus (Legreid, 2020).
Narrative Citation: Legreid (2020) conducted In-depth interviews with four United States combat veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan.