Plagiarism involves taking credit for work that is not one's own. Below are some resources that can help you credit others for their work.
To see example references and in-text citations of all the unusual Business databases not shown in this page, visit
Parenthetical Citation: It is important to note that the recommended pipe diameter for private service mains is 6 inches and above (National Fire Protection Association [NFPA], 2025).
Narrative Citation: The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, 2025) stresses the importance of of having a pipe larger than 6 inches to serve as a private service main. .
On all article citations, whether you read online or print, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if available. The DOI is like a digital thumbprint: its unique and permanent numbers and letters help identify it. It is typically on the first or last page of the article. It may also be listed in the CrossRef Database. If you are having trouble finding the DOI, ask a librarian. If there is no DOI, see this example.
Note that as of March 2017, CrossRef and APA both recommend that DOIs be formatted as such: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx with no period at the end.
Parenthetical Citation: The Coast Guard narrative provides meaning to the practice of modern day piracy (Bueger, 2013).
Narrative Citation: According to Bueger (2013) the coast guard narrative can be treated as a "meaningful fiction which gives coherence to the practice of piracy" (p. 1824).
Include the stable URL. Page numbers, volume, and issue may be omitted if not available.
Parenthetical Citation: Marcus Hutchins was lauded as the hacker who saved the internet for his work in stopping the WannaCry cyber security attack (Greenberg, 2020).
Narrative Citation: Greenberg (2020) outlined Marcus Hutchins journey from creating malware to being lauded as the hacker who saved the internet.
Italicize the magazine title and volume number, but not the issue number in parentheses. If a magazine has a month and/or date, you may include that.
Parenthetical Citation: Approximately 20 million Americans have been recruited for clinical trials each year (Rodgers, 2009).
Narrative Citation: Rodgers (2009) estimates that approximately 20 million Americans have been recruited for clinical trials each year.
If you are citing a specific chapter or section of an edited book, list the author of that section first. Include information such as page numbers, edition and volume numbers after the title of the book.
Parenthetical Citation: The musical exchange between Chile and Cuba intensified in the early 1970s (Fairly, 2013).
Narrative Citation: Fairly (2013), notes that Chilean and Cuban musicians traveled between the two countries, intensifying the music scene in each.
Parenthetical Citation: The minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet (Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], 1970).
Narrative Citation: According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 2023) the minimum required distance between two containers holding flammable liquids such as petroleum is three feet.
Note: If the abbreviation of a group author is well-know, or will appear in the paper at least times, include the abbreviation in square brackets in the parenthetical citation, and with the date element in the narrative citation.
Normally, do NOT include the retrieval date. The only exception is for content that is unarchived, has no date, and is easily or frequently changed (e.g., transitory forms of social media, live-update type of web content).
Parenthetical Citation: A Majority of adults in the United States are more likely to talk about their work and family than about mental health with their friends (Goddard, 2023).
Narrative Citation: According Goddard (2023), a majority of adults in the United States are more likely to talk about their work and family than about mental health with their friends.