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Shortened Notes

Unless a professor requires full citations in every note, you may provide the full citation in the first note citing a source, and then use shortened citations in subsequent notes.

The first note citing the source should be the full citation:General format: note number period author first name last name comma in italics book title non italics open parenthesis location colon publisher comma publication year close parenthesis comma page numbers period. Example description: 33 period Malcolm Gladwell comma in italics The Tipping Point colon How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference non italics open parenthesis Boston colon Little comma Brown comma 2000 close parenthesis comma 64 hyphen 65 period

When one citation to the same work immediately follows another on the same page, "Ibid." can be used in the latter note, although you can use the other shortened note forms instead.General format: note number period Ibid period comma page numbers period. Example description: 34 period Ibid period comma 60 period

If reference is to a work already cited in full but not in the note immediately preceding, and only one work of the author has been used in your notes, then just the author's last name is needed. If the work has an editor instead of an author, do not add ed.General format: note number period Author comma page numbers period. Example description: 35 period Gladwell comma 60 period

If two or more works of the same author have been cited, use the author's last name and a brief title (up to four distinctive words from the full title).General format: note number period Author comma in italics short title non italics comma page numbers period. Example description: 35 period Gladwell comma in italics Tipping Point non italics comma 85 hyphen 90 period