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Music Resources

Examples in this guide are provided for footnote citations (N) and bibliography (B). Footnotes and bibliography format contain most of the same elements but are formatted slightly differently.  For example, notes use paragraph (first line) indentation, and the bibliography entries use hanging indents. If you cite one source multiple times, you may use shortened notes for citations after the first one.

Oxford Music Online 

Oxford Music Online Entry with author (17.1.8)

N:

General format: open quotes article title period close quotes in in italics database title comma non italics publication date period accessed date article was accessed period database U R L period Example description: open quotes National anthems period close quotes In Grove Music Online comma 2001 period Accessed 31 Mar period 2023 period https colon forward slash forward slash www period oxfordmusiconline period com period

B:

General format: author last name comma first name period open quotes article title period close quotes in in italics database title comma non italics publication date period Accessed date article was accessed period database U R L period Example description: Urkevich comma Lisa A period open quotes Muḥammed ‘Abdu period close quotes   In in italics Grove Music Online comma non italics 2001 period Accessed 31 Mar period 2023 period https colon forward slash forward slash www period oxfordmusiconline period com period

 

Oxford Music Online entry without author (17.9.1 & 17.1.8)

N:

General format: note number period in italics database title comma non italics open quotes article title comma close quotes accessed dated article was accessed comma database U R L  period Example description: 1 period in italics Grove Music Online comma non italics s period v period  open quotes National anthems comma close quotes accessed 31 Mar period 2023 comma https colon forward slash forward slash www period oxfordmusiconline period com period

B:

General format: open quotes article title period close quotes in in italics database title comma non italics publication date period accessed date article was accessed period database U R L period Example description: open quotes National anthems period close quotes In Grove Music Online comma 2001 period Accessed 31 Mar period 2023 period https colon forward slash forward slash www period oxfordmusiconline period com period

Track from an Album

In the bibliography, list musical recordings under either the name of the composer or performer/conductor, depending on which is more important for your argument. If the source is accessed online, end with a URL. 

Track from an album (CD) (17.10.3.4)

N:

General format: note number period performer comma open quotes song title comma close quotes by song composer first name last name comma recorded recording date comma track number on in italics album title comma non italics record label cd id number comma release date comma format period Example description: 1 period Kronos Quartet comma open quotes Mai Nozipo comma close quotes by Dumisani Maraire comma recorded 1989 hyphen 1991 comma track 1 on in italics Pieces of Africa comma non italics Elektra Nonesuch 79275 hyphen 2 comma 1992 comma CD period

 

Track from an Album (CD) (17.10.3.4)

B:

General format:Performer period open quotes song title period close quotes composed by song composer first name last name period on in italics album title period non italics recorded recording date period record label cd id number comma release date comma format period Example description: Kronos Quartet period open quotes Mai Nozipo period close quotes Composed by Dumisani Maraire period On in italics Pieces of Africa period non italics Recorded 1989 hyphen 1991 period Elektra Nonesuch 79275 hyphen 2 comma 1992 comma CD period

Sound Recordings

In the bibliography, list musical recordings under either the name of the composer or performer/conductor, depending on which is more important for your argument. If the source is accessed online, end with a URL. 

N:

General format: note number period composer first name last name comma in italics title comma non italics key performers comma recording dates comma recording company and number comma copyright date if not recording year comma format period Example description: 32 period Igor Stravinsky comma in italics The Rite of Spring semicolon Petrushka comma non italics New York Philharmonic comma conducted by Leonard Bernstein comma recorded January 20 comma 1958 comma and May 5 comma 1969 comma Sony Classical SMK 47629 comma 1993 comma CD period

B:

General format: composer last name comma first name period in italics title period non italics conducted by key performers first name last name period recording dates period recording company and number comma copyright date if not recording year period format period Example description: Stravinsky comma Igor period in italics The Rite of Spring semicolon Petrushka period non italics Conducted by Leonard Bernstein period Recorded with the New York Philharmonic comma January 20 comma 1958 comma and May 5 comma 1969 period Sony Classical SMK 47629 comma 1993 period CD period

Track from a Database

Track from a database (Naxos) (17.10.3.4)

N:

General format: note number period song composer first name last name comma in italics song title comma non italics performed by performers comma record label ID number comma release date comma format comma accessed date song was accessed comma database name period Example description: 1 period Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre comma in italics Violin Sonata in D Minor comma non italics performed by Cecilia’s Circle comma Centaur CRC2670 comma 2004 comma streaming audio comma accessed April 4 comma 2023 comma Naxos Music Library period

 

B:

General format: song composer last name comma first name period in italics song title period non italics performers period record label ID number comma release date comma format period accessed date song was accessed period database name period Example description: Jacquet de La Guerre comma Élisabeth period in italics Violin Sonata in D Minor period non italics Cecilia’s Circle period Centaur CRC2670 comma 2004 comma streaming audio period Accessed April 4 comma 2023 period  Naxos Music Library period

Digital Liner Notes

Liner Notes (Naxos) 

N:

General format:note number period notes author first name last name comma program notes to composer comma in italics title comma non italics conductor first name last name comma performers comma recording date period record label comma ID number comma release date comma format accessed access date comma database name period Example description: 1 period Boris Giltburg comma Program notes to Sergey Rachmaninov comma in italics Piano Concertos Nos. 1 and 4 / Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini comma non italics cond period Vassily Sinaisky comma Brussels Philharmonic comma recorded August comma 2022 period  Naxos comma 8 period 574528 comma 2023 comma streaming audio comma accessed May 3 comma 2023 comma Naxos Music Library period

 

B:

General format: Notes author last name comma first name period program notes to composer comma in italics title comma non italics performers comma conductor comma conductor period recorded recording date comma record label comma ID number comma release date comma format period accessed access date period Database name period Example description: Giltburg comma Boris period Program notes to Sergey Rachmaninov comma in italics Piano Concertos Nos period 1 and 4 forward slash Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini period non italics Brussels Philharmonic comma Vassily Sinaisky comma conductor period Recorded August comma 2022 comma Naxos comma 8 period 574528 comma 2023 comma streaming audio period  Accessed May 3 comma 2023 period Naxos Music Library period

Physical Book - Critical Edition

Critical edition (17.10.4.3)

N:

General format: note number period Composer first name last name comma in italics title comma non italics lyricist comma editor first name last name open parenthesis publication location colon publisher comma publication date close parenthesis period Example description: 1 period Pietro Domenico Paradies comma in italics Le muse in gara comma non italics libretto by De Belli comma Giacomo comma ed period Vanessa Tonelli open parenthesis Middleton comma WI colon A hyphen R Editions comma 2021 close parenthesis period

 

B:

General format: composer last name comma first name period in italics title period non italics edited by editor first name last name period publication location colon publisher comma publication date period Example description: Paradies comma Pietro Domenico period in italics Le muse in gara period non italics Edited by Vanessa Tonelli period Middleton comma WI colon A hyphen R Editions comma 2021 period

Live Recording on YouTube

Live recording (17.10.3.4)

N:

General format: note number period song composer first name last name comma open quotes song title comma close quotes performers comma conducted by conductor first name last name comma performance location comma posted date comma format comma video duration comma U R L period Example description:1 period Klaus Baedelt comma open quotes Pirates of the Caribbean soundtrack comma close quotes Auckland Symphony Orchestra comma conducted by Gary Daverne comma Auckland Town Hall comma Auckland comma posted May 22 comma 2018 comma video comma 7 colon 07 comma https colon forward slash forward slash youtu period be forward slash Cjd hyphen fQlQVSk question mark feature equal symbol shared period

B:

General format: song composer last name comma first name period open quotes song title period close quotes performers comma conducted by conductor first name last name period recorded in performance location comma performance date period format comma video duration period friendly U R L  Example description: Baedelt comma Klaus period open quotes Pirates of the Caribbean soundtrack period close quotes Auckland Symphony Orchestra comma conducted by Gary Daverne period Recorded in Auckland Town Hall comma Auckland period Posted May 22 comma 2018 period YouTube period 7 colon 07 period https colon forward slash forward slash youtu period be forward slash Cjd hyphen fQlQVSk question mark feature equal symbol shared period

Spotify Track

N: 

General format: note number recording artist comma open quotes song title close quotes featuring featured artist comma track number on in italics album title comma non italics record label comma release date comma format comma audio bitrate period Example description: 1 period Rihanna comma  open quotes What’s My Name question mark close quotes featuring Drake comma track 1 on Loud comma  Def Jam Recordings comma 2010 comma Spotify streaming audio comma 320 kbps period

B: 

General format: Recording artist period open quotes song title period close quotes featuring featured artist period on in italics album title period non italics record label comma release date period format comma audio bitrate period Example description: Rihanna period open quotes What’s My Name question mark close quotes Featuring Drake period On in italics Loud period non italics Def Jam Recordings comma 2010 period Spotify streaming audio comma 320 kbps period