Skip to Main Content
Library Home

Turabian Style

Full Research@UWW Search Box

Research@UWW

Audio/Visual

Examples in this guide are provided for footnote citations (N) and bibliography (B). Footnotes and bibliography format contain most of the same elements but are formatted slightly differently.  For example, notes use paragraph (first line) indentation, and the bibliography entries use hanging indents. If you cite one source multiple times, you may use shortened notes for citations after the first one.

Photographs

Cite photographs only in footnotes. Include the name of the artist, title of the artwork in italics, date of creation (precede date “ca.” if approximate), and name of institution that houses it, including location.  For images found online, include a URL.

N: General format: note number period photographer first name last name comma in italics title comma date comma institution comma location comma U R L period Example description: 28 period  Ansel Adams comma in italics North Dome comma Basket Dome comma Mount Hoffman comma Yosemite comma non italics ca period 1935 comma Smithsonian American Art Museum comma Renwick Gallery comma  Washington comma DC comma http colon forward slash forward slash edan period si period edu forward slash saam forward slash id forward slash object forward slash 1994 period 91 period 1 period

Movie & Video

N: Include information about contributors such as writers, actors, and producers, if relevant to your discussion, in notes. Date may be the year a movie is released, or created, or otherwise made available. If sources are viewed online, end with a URL.

General format: note period in italics film title comma non italics directed by director first name last name comma featuring actors first name last name in discussion open parenthesis production company comma publication year of DVD close parenthesis period Example description: 29 period in italics Glory comma non italics directed by Edward Zwick comma featuring Matthew Broderick comma Denzel Washington comma and Morgan Freeman open parenthesis TriStar Pictures comma 2007 close parenthesis period

B: The bibliography entry may begin with the title or the director.

General format: in italics film title period non italics directed by director first name last name period production company comma publication year of DVD Example description: in italics Glory period non italics Directed by Edward Zwick period TriStar Pictures comma 2007 period

Online: 

If sources are viewed online, end with a URL.

N: 

General format: note number period in italics film title comma non italics open parenthesis producing organization comma medium comma U R L period Example description: 30 period in italics Rosie the Riveter colon  Real Women Workers in World War II comma non italics open parenthesis Library of Congress comma  2003 close parenthesis comma MP4 video comma https colon forward slash forward slash www period loc period gov forward slash item forward slash webcast hyphen 3350 period

B: The bibliography entry may begin with the title or the director.

General format: it italics film title period non italics producing organization comma date period medium period timing period U R L period Example description: in italics Rosie and Riveter colon Real Women Workers in the World War II period non italics Library of Congress comma 2003 period MP4 video period 14 min period comma 1 sec period https colon forward slash forward slash www period loc period gov forward slash item forward slash webcast hyphen 3350 period

Radio or Television Programs

Additional information, such as an episode number, may be included. 

N:

General format: note number period open quotes segment or episode title comma close quotes featuring key performers first name last name comma in italics program title comma non italics on entity producing or broadcasting the show comma air date comma U R L period Example description: 31 period open quotes What It’s Like To Be A Part Of The open quote Vanishing Middle Class close quote comma close quotes featuring Mat Johnson comma in italics Fresh Air comma non italics on NPR comma June 22 comma 2016 comma https colon forward slash forward slash www period npr period org forward slash 2016 forward slash 06 forward slash 22 forward slash 482135775 forward slash what hyphen its hyphen like hyphen to hyphen be hyphen a hyphen part hyphen of hyphen the hyphen vanishing hyphen middle hyphen class period

B: In the bibliography, radio and television programs are usually cited by the title of the program or series.

General format: in italics program title period non italics open quotes segment or episode title period close quotes featuring key performers first name last name period aired air date comma on entity producing or broadcasting the show period U R L  Example description: in italics Fresh Air period non italics open quotes What It’s Like To Be A Part Of The open quote Vanishing Middle Class close quote period close quotes Featuring Mat Johnson period Aired June 22 comma 2016 comma on NPR period https colon forward slash forward slash www period npr period org forward slash 2016 forward slash 06 forward slash 22 forward slash 482135775 forward slash what hyphen its hyphen like hyphen to hyphen be hyphen a hyphen part hyphen of hyphen the hyphen vanishing hyphen middle hyphen class period

Sound Recordings

In the bibliography, list musical recordings under either the name of the composer or performer/conductor, depending on which is more important for your argument. If the source is accessed online, end with a URL. 

N:

General format: note number period composer first name last name comma in italics title comma non italics key performers comma recording dates comma recording company and number comma copyright date if not recording year comma format period Example description: 32 period Igor Stravinsky comma in italics The Rite of Spring semicolon Petrushka comma non italics New York Philharmonic comma conducted by Leonard Bernstein comma recorded January 20 comma 1958 comma and May 5 comma 1969 comma Sony Classical SMK 47629 comma 1993 comma CD period

B:

General format: composer last name comma first name period in italics title period non italics conducted by key performers first name last name period recording dates period recording company and number comma copyright date if not recording year period format period Example description: Stravinsky comma Igor period in italics The Rite of Spring semicolon Petrushka period non italics Conducted by Leonard Bernstein period Recorded with the New York Philharmonic comma January 20 comma 1958 comma and May 5 comma 1969 period Sony Classical SMK 47629 comma 1993 period CD period

Live Recording on YouTube

Live recording (17.10.3.4)

N:

General format: note number period song composer first name last name comma open quotes song title comma close quotes performers comma conducted by conductor first name last name comma performance location comma posted date comma format comma video duration comma U R L period Example description:1 period Klaus Baedelt comma open quotes Pirates of the Caribbean soundtrack comma close quotes Auckland Symphony Orchestra comma conducted by Gary Daverne comma Auckland Town Hall comma Auckland comma posted May 22 comma 2018 comma video comma 7 colon 07 comma https colon forward slash forward slash youtu period be forward slash Cjd hyphen fQlQVSk question mark feature equal symbol shared period

B:

General format: song composer last name comma first name period open quotes song title period close quotes performers comma conducted by conductor first name last name period recorded in performance location comma performance date period format comma video duration period friendly U R L  Example description: Baedelt comma Klaus period open quotes Pirates of the Caribbean soundtrack period close quotes Auckland Symphony Orchestra comma conducted by Gary Daverne period Recorded in Auckland Town Hall comma Auckland period Posted May 22 comma 2018 period YouTube period 7 colon 07 period https colon forward slash forward slash youtu period be forward slash Cjd hyphen fQlQVSk question mark feature equal symbol shared period

Spotify Track

N: 

General format: note number recording artist comma open quotes song title close quotes featuring featured artist comma track number on in italics album title comma non italics record label comma release date comma format comma audio bitrate period Example description: 1 period Rihanna comma  open quotes What’s My Name question mark close quotes featuring Drake comma track 1 on Loud comma  Def Jam Recordings comma 2010 comma Spotify streaming audio comma 320 kbps period

B: 

General format: Recording artist period open quotes song title period close quotes featuring featured artist period on in italics album title period non italics record label comma release date period format comma audio bitrate period Example description: Rihanna period open quotes What’s My Name question mark close quotes Featuring Drake period On in italics Loud period non italics Def Jam Recordings comma 2010 period Spotify streaming audio comma 320 kbps period

Track from a Database

Track from a database (Naxos) (17.10.3.4)

N:

General format: note number period song composer first name last name comma in italics song title comma non italics performed by performers comma record label ID number comma release date comma format comma accessed date song was accessed comma database name period Example description: 1 period Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre comma in italics Violin Sonata in D Minor comma non italics performed by Cecilia’s Circle comma Centaur CRC2670 comma 2004 comma streaming audio comma accessed April 4 comma 2023 comma Naxos Music Library period

 

B:

General format: song composer last name comma first name period in italics song title period non italics performers period record label ID number comma release date comma format period accessed date song was accessed period database name period Example description: Jacquet de La Guerre comma Élisabeth period in italics Violin Sonata in D Minor period non italics Cecilia’s Circle period Centaur CRC2670 comma 2004 comma streaming audio period Accessed April 4 comma 2023 period  Naxos Music Library period