Examples in this guide are provided for footnote citations (N) and bibliography (B). Footnotes and bibliography format contain most of the same elements but are formatted slightly differently. For example, notes use paragraph (first line) indentation, and the bibliography entries use hanging indents. If you cite one source multiple times, you may use shortened notes for citations after the first one -- see directions here.
Jump to specific examples in the table below:
| Theses or Dissertations | Manuscripts and Papers | Online Collections |
If online, not in an institutional repository or a database: Provide URL in place of the name of a repository or database.
N:
B:
If more than one item from a collection is cited in notes, cite the collection in the bibliography, not the individual items. Identify document types other than letter, such as telegram, memorandum, etc. (Letter may be omitted, as it is understood if no other document type is specified.)
End with a URL for materials consulted online.
N:
B:
N:
B:
