For an unpublished work, describe the status of the work along with the appropriate descriptor of the work in square brackets.
Parenthetical Citation: The impact of sports betting is not limited to the mental health of consumers but extends to their financial health as well (Paulraj, 2025).
Narrative Citation: Paulraj (2025) states that the impact of sports betting is not limited to the mental health of consumers but extends to their financial health as well.
If you are citing a specific chapter or section of an edited book, list the author of that section first. Include information such as page numbers, edition and volume numbers after the title of the book.
Parenthetical Citation: Effective written and oral communication are essential skills expected by employers (Douglas et al., 2026).
Narrative Citation: Douglas et al., (2026) explain that effective written and oral communication are essential skills expected by employers.
It is more common to see a corporate author who is also the publisher of the webpage. In such cases, leave out the Source or Publisher element if it is virtually the same as the Author. Please note that if there is no publication date provide, the abbreviation n.d. for no date should be inserted in the place where the date should be.
Parenthetical Citation: Compared to the United States, the interests of the group are given greater importance in China (The Culture Factor Group, 2023).
Narrative Citation: According to the Culture Factor Group (2023) the interest of the group are given greater importance in Chinese culture as compared to the United States.
Often for governmental sources, you will have multiple "layers" of offices in the Source / Publisher position, separated by a comma. The most immediate office responsible for writing the content is the Author, and the parent offices are the Source.
Parenthetical Citation: At at score of 5.8, China scores very high in the in-group collectivism category (GLOBE, 2004).
Narrative Citation: According to the GLOBE (2004) project, China scores very high in the in-group collectivism category.
Parenthetical Citation: For example Jalen Hurts is one the most popular quarterbacks going into the 2025 season (ESPN BET Sportsbook, n.d.).
Narrative Citation: According to the statistics found in ESPN BET Sportsbook (n.d.), Jalen Hurts is one of the most popular quarterbacks going into the 2025 season.
In governmental reports, you can have multiple "levels," or offices/departments, in the Source element, separated by a comma.
The Author is the office that was most directly responsible for creating the content, and any parent offices are the Source. If you aren't sure which office created the content, look on Google or on their general webpage to figure out the structure -- which office is "under" another office?
Parenthetical Citation: Increased regulations on legal sports betting operations could benefit gamblers through improved consumer protection while reducing the impact of illegal gambling operations (Congressional Research Service, 2024).
Narrative Citation: According to the Congressional Research Service (2023) increased regulations on legal sports betting operations could benefit gamblers through improved consumer protection while reducing the impact of illegal gambling operations
Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)
The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10).
Here is a fun way you can hone your referencing skills!