When you use others' ideas--whether quoting, summarizing, or paraphrasing--cite them in your writing by including:
Author's Last Name
Page Number of Cited Material
In-text citations direct the reader to the full citation with publication details on the Works Cited list. I.e., If you want to refer your readers to see page 214 of the work authored by the Modern Language Association that is on your Works Cited list, you would write something like the following,
"Usually the author's last name and a page reference are enough to identify the source and the specific location from which you borrowed material" (Modern Language Association 214).
Some sources do not have authors or page numbers. The below examples and those on the tabbed pages will clarify what to do.
To maximize the effectiveness of your writing, you are encouraged to word your in-text citations in several ways.
"When his father told him that he was to go back to school again, Charles's eyes filled with tears of gratitude" (Hibbert 83).
According to Andrea Tone, President John F. Kennedy took up to eight medications a day to treat illness and stress (112).
The tabbed pages have more examples of in-text citations.
If there is no author included on your source, but there is an editor, put the editor's name first on the Works Cited entry. Follow their name with a comma and the word editor. Then use the editor's last name in your in-text citation.
E.g., "When his father told him that he was to go back to school again, Charles's eyes filled with tears of gratitude" (Hibbert 83).
E.g., Many insects and animals have a larger spectrum of color vision than humans, including ultraviolet and infrared (Kimura 163-65).
Include each author's last name followed by the page number(s).
E.g., Facebook's influence over online privacy standards reaches far beyond its 500 million users; its privacy policies, "more than those of any other company, are helping to define standards for privacy in the Internet age" (Helft and Wortham B1).
Give the first author's last name followed by "et al.," which means "and others," and then the page number(s).
E.g., Part of the problem, one study asserts, is people "might not realize the potential consequences of publishing personal information for public view in an online social networking community" (Foulger et al. 1-2).
E.g., Although many online social networking services are free to users, "they are run by commercial enterprises that want, quite reasonably, to make money. Since they cannot charge entry fees, they harvest data" ("Online Privacy" 28).
E.g., Kurosawa's Throne of Blood adapts Shakespeare's MacBeth to the Japanese audience (Evans).
E.g., Julia is foreshadowed in Winston's dream as a dark-haired girl: "Her body was white and smooth, but it aroused no desire in him, indeed he barely looked at it" (Orwell 56; ch. 3).
It is recommended that you put both the author and page number(s) in the parenthetical citation.
Ex. Despite several dalliances, Anders claims "Gala was secure in her role as Dali's primary lifelong partner and muse" (qtd. in Chahine 13).
Ex. Eating a vegetarian or vegan diet has been linked to many health benefits; however, eating a diet of primarily fresh foods is too expensive for most poor people (Nejem 12; McRay 153).