Examples in this guide are provided for footnote citations (N) and bibliography (B). Footnotes and bibliography format contain most of the same elements but are formatted slightly differently. For example, notes use paragraph (first line) indentation, and the bibliography entries use hanging indents. If you cite one source multiple times, you may use shortened notes for citations after the first one -- see directions here.
Jump to specific examples in the table below:
| Photographs | Movie & Video | Radio & TV | Sound Recording |
Cite photographs only in footnotes. Include the name of the artist, title of the artwork in italics, date of creation (precede date “ca.” if approximate), and name of institution that houses it, including location. For images found online, include a URL.
N:
N: Include information about contributors such as writers, actors, and producers, if relevant to your discussion, in notes. Date may be the year a movie is released, or created, or otherwise made available. If sources are viewed online, end with a URL.
B: The bibliography entry may begin with the title or the director.
If sources are viewed online, end with a URL.
N:
B: The bibliography entry may begin with the title or the director.
Additional information, such as an episode number, may be included.
N:
B: In the bibliography, radio and television programs are usually cited by the title of the program or series.
In the bibliography, list musical recordings under either the name of the composer or performer/conductor, depending on which is more important for your argument. If the source is accessed online, end with a URL.
N:
B:
