A scholarly journal that uses the peer review process before publishing articles is described as a refereed journal.
An article that has undergone scrutiny of other scholars and researchers is described as a peer-reviewed article.
Many databases provide a search limiter that helps you eliminate publications such as magazines, newspapers, and trade journals. Look for a limiter option such as this:
When searching for articles using Google Scholar, however, you need to ascertain that a journal is refereed. Use the tools on this page, such as Ulrichsweb to help you identify this information.
Peer-Reviewed vs. Trade Journals vs. Popular Articles: What's the difference? (graphic)
Identifying Types of Articles: Explained (video)
Peer Review in Three Minutes: What is peer review? (video)
Ulrichsweb: How can I identify whether a journal is peer-reviewed? Search for a magazine or journal by title. If it is identified with a referee shirt, it is a refereed publication, and most articles in the publication will be peer reviewed.
Why is this important?
Each of the sources below may be useful when conducting your research of the literature, but not all of them will be equally valid for use in the writing of your literature review. Furthermore, it is essential to know what source type you are working with in order to create a proper citation for your reference list.
Below are some of the identifying features and things to consider when using various source types.
|
|
Author(s), Publisher, or Sponsor |
Frequency |
Audience |
Format |
References |
Potential Use for Literature Reviews |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Books and Book Chapters |
May be written by one author researchers, professionals, or the general public. |
Published once, possibly revised in later editions. |
Varies | Lengthy; may be an in-depth fully developed argument, or may be an edited collection of authored articles. | Extensive | Explore reference list for useful scholarly articles. |
Scholarly/Peer Reviewed Journal
|
Written by experts and specialists in the field. |
Often published quarterly or bi-annually. |
Researchers, students, and scholars |
Written in the language of the discipline; includes data, tables, charts; rarely fewer than 10 pages and often up to 30; Find EMPIRICAL RESEARCH articles (example), which include sections such as:
|
There will always be a thorough bibliography. | These articles provide you with original, empirical research. Study the literature review section and reference list for other relevant articles. |
Professional/Trade Journal |
Written by professionals and practitioners in the field |
Often published weekly or monthly. |
Written for people working in a specific field | Some advertising; often glossy magazine print; color photography and images | Sometimes | Locate original research mentioned in the text. |
Working Papers/ Conference Proceedings
|
Written by experts and specialists in the field. | Working papers are published as needed. Conference proceedings are is the published record of a conference, congress, symposium, or other meeting sponsored by a society or association. | Researchers, students, and scholars, people working in a specific field | Limited or no advertising; writing is academic or formal | thorough bibliography | These articles represent research in progress. Look for scholarly articles written by the same authors at a later date. |
Magazines and News Sources
|
Written by journalists, some contributions by field experts | Often published daily, weekly, or monthly. | Often written for the general public. | Glossy magazine print; color photography and images | Rarely, if ever | Locate original research mentioned in the text. |
|
Government Reports and Websites
|
Varies, but often written by researchers and government agency staff | Varies widely. Sometimes no publication date will be provided. | Varies widely, for general public to researchers to policy makers | Varies widely; no advertising | Sources of information and statistics are provided | Use for original data |
Blogs, Wikis, and Editorials
|
May be written by researchers, professionals, or the general public. | Varies widely. Sometimes no publication date will be provided. | Often written for the general public, but depends on the source. | May include advertising, but length and formatting varies | Maybe | Idea generation; May point to other research |
